Sunday 2 October 2011

Algorithmic symphonies from one line of code -- how and why?

Lately, there has been a lot of experimentation with very short programs that synthesize something that sounds like music. I now want to share some information and thoughts about these experiments.

First, some background. On 2011-09-26, I released the following video on Youtube, presenting seven programs and their musical output:


This video gathered a lot of interest, inspiring many programmers to experiment on their own and share their findings. This was further boosted by Bemmu's on-line Javascript utility that made it easy for anyone (even non-programmers, I guess) to jump in the bandwagon. In just a couple of days, people had found so many new formulas that I just had to release another video to show them off.


Edit 2011-10-10: note that there's now a third video as well! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCRPUv8V22o

It all started a couple of months ago, when I encountered a 23-byte C-64 demo, Wallflower by 4mat of Ate Bit, that was like nothing I had ever seen on that size class on any platform. Glitchy, yes, but it had a musical structure that vastly outgrew its size. I started to experiment on my own and came up with a 16-byte VIC-20 program whose musical output totally blew my mind. My earlier blog post, "The 16-byte frontier", reports these findings and speculates why they work.

Some time later, I resumed the experimentation with a slightly more scientific mindset. In order to better understand what was going on, I needed a simpler and "purer" environment. Something that lacked the arbitrary quirks and hidden complexities of 8-bit soundchips and processors. I chose to experiment with short C programs that dump raw PCM audio data. I had written tiny "/dev/dsp softsynths" before, and I had even had one in my email/usenet signature in the late 1990s. However, the programs I would now be experimenting with would be shorter and less planned than my previous ones.

I chose to replicate the essentials of my earlier 8-bit experiments: a wave generator whose pitch is controlled by a function consisting of shifts and logical operators. The simplest waveform for /dev/dsp programs is sawtooth. A simple for(;;)putchar(t++) generates a sawtooth wave with a cycle length of 256 bytes, resulting in a frequency of 31.25 Hz when using the the default sample rate of 8000 Hz. The pitch can be changed with multiplication. t++*2 is an octave higher, t++*3 goes up by 7 semitones from there, t++*(t>>8) produces a rising sound. After a couple of trials, I came up with something that I wanted to share on an IRC channel:

main(t){for(t=0;;t++)putchar(t*(((t>>12)|(t>>8))&(63&(t>>4))));}

In just over an hour, Visy and Tejeez had contributed six more programs on the channel, mostly varying the constants and changing some parts of the function. On the following day, Visy shared our discoveries on Google+. I reshared them. A surprising flood of interested comments came up. Some people wanted to hear an MP3 rendering, so I produced one. All these reactions eventually led me to release the MP3 rendering on Youtube with some accompanying text screens. (In case you are wondering, I generated the screens with an old piece of code that simulates a non-existing text mode device, so it's just as "fakebit" as the sounds are).

When the first video was released, I was still unsure whether it would be possible for one line of C code to reach the sophistication of the earlier 8-bit experiments. Simultaneities, percussions, where are they? It would also have been great to find nice basslines and progressions as well, as those would be useful for tiny demoscene productions.

At some point of time, some people noticed that by getting rid of the t* part altogether and just applying logical operators on shifted time values one could get percussion patterns as well as some harmonies. Even a formula as simple as t&t>>8, an aural corollary of "munching squares", has interesting harmonic properties. Some small features can be made loud by adding a constant to the output. A simple logical operator is enough for combining two good-sounding formulas together (often with interesting artifacts that add to the richness of the sound). All this provided material for the "second iteration" video.

If the experimentation continues at this pace, it won't take many weeks until we have found the grail: a very short program, maybe even shorter than a Spotify link, that synthesizes all the elements commonly associated with a pop song: rhythm, melody, bassline, harmonic progression, macrostructure. Perhaps even something that sounds a little bit like vocals? We'll see.

Hasn't this been done before?

We've had the technology for all this for decades. People have been building musical circuits that operate on digital logic, creating short pieces of software that output music, experimenting with chaotic audiovisual programs and trying out various algorithms for musical composition. Mathematical theory of music has a history of over two millennia. Based on this, I find it quite mind-boggling that I have never before encountered anything similar to our discoveries despite my very long interest in computing and algorithmic sound synthesis. I've made some Google Scholar searches for related papers but haven't find anything. Still, I'm quite sure that at many individuals have come up with these formulas before, but, for some reason, their discoveries remained in obscurity.

Maybe it's just about technological mismatch: to builders of digital musical circuits, things like LFSRs may have been more appealing than very wide sequential counters. In the early days of the microcomputer, there was already enough RAM available to hold some musical structure, so there was never a real urge to simulate it with simple logic. Or maybe it's about the problems of an avant-garde mindset: if you're someone who likes to experiment with random circuit configurations or strange bit-shifting formulas, you're likely someone who has learned to appreciate the glitch esthetics and never really wants to go far beyond that.

Demoscene is in a special position here, as technological mismatch is irrelevant there. In the era of gigabytes and terabytes, demoscene coders are exploring the potential of ever shorter program sizes. And despite this, the sense of esthetics is more traditional than with circuit-benders and avant-garde artists. The hack value of a tiny softsynth depends on how much its output resembles "real, big music" such as Italo disco.

The softsynths used in the 4-kilobyte size class are still quite engineered. They often use tight code to simulate the construction of an analog synthesizer controlled by a stored sequence of musical events. However, as 256 bytes is becoming the new 4K, there has been ever more need to play decent music in the 256-byte size class. It is still possible to follow the constructivist approach in this size class -- for example, I've coded some simple 128-byte players for the VIC-20 when I had very little memory left. However, since the recent findings suggest that an approach with a lot of random experimentation may give better results than deterministic hacking, people have been competing in finding more and more impressive musical formulas. Perhaps all this was something that just had to come out of the demoscene and nowhere else.

Something I particularly like in this "movement" is its immediate, hands-on collaborative nature, with people sharing the source code of their findings and basing their own experimentation on other people's efforts. Anyone can participate in it and discover new, mind-boggling stuff, even with very little programming expertise. I don't know how long this exploration phase is going to last, but things like this might be useful for a "Pan-Hacker movement" that advocates hands-on hard-core hacking to greater masses. I definitely want to see more projects like this.

How profound is this?

Apart from some deterministic efforts that quickly bloat the code up to hundreds of source-code characters, the exploration process so far has been mostly trial-and-error. Some trial-and-error experimenters, however, seem to have been gradually developing an intuitive sense of what kind of formulas can serve as ingredients for something greater. Perhaps, at some time in the future, someone will release some enlightening mathematical and music-theoretical analysis that will explain why and how our algorithms work.

It already seems apparent, however, that stuff like this stuff works in contexts far beyond PCM audio. The earlier 8-bit experiments, such as the C-64 Wallflower, quite blindly write values to sound and video chip registers and still manage to produce interesting output. Media artist Kyle McDonald has rendered the first bunch of sounds into monochrome bitmaps that show an interesting, "glitchy" structure. Usually, music looks quite bad when rendered as bitmaps -- and this applies even to small chiptunes that sound a lot like our experiments, so it was interesting to notice the visual potential as well.


I envision that, in the context of generative audiovisual works, simple bitwise formulas could generate source data not only for the musical output but also drive various visual parameters as a function of time. This would make it possible, for example, for a 256-byte demoscene production to have an interesting and varying audiovisual structure with a strong, inherent synchronization between the effects and the music. As the formulas we've been experimenting with can produce both microstructure and macrostructure, we might assume that they can be used to drive low-level and high-level parameters equally well. From wave amplitudes and pixel colors to layer selection, camera paths, and 3D scene construction. But so far, this is mere speculation, until someone extends the experimentation to these parameters.

I can't really tell if there's anything very profound in this stuff -- after all, we already have fractals and chaos theory. But at least it's great for the kind of art I'm involved with, and that's what matters to me. I'll probably be exploring and embracing the audiovisual potential for some time, and you can expect me to blog about it as well.

Edit 2011-10-29: There's now a more detailed analysis available of some formulas and techniques.

838 comments:

  1. Wow! Nice sounds and nice reading.

    Regarding the theory behind it: this (and particularly the graphics at the bottom) reminds me a lot of wavelets, particularly the dyadic or fast wavelet transforms with very simple wavelets (e.g., the haar wavelet).

    As to why it produces so nice harmonical and musical structures: if you look at it, musical structure is just kind of "macro-harmonics". Play 4 bars of this, then play 4 bars of this, then change to another theme, like the poplar ABAB, AABA structures. It's just a very low frequency square wave :-).

    Strange though that there has been no scientific research going on there. Normally scientists go crazy if they find even the smallest topic that hasn't been grinded to death yet.

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  2. i've done some work with randomly generated p'' code for abstract audio + visuals http://www.openprocessing.org/visuals/?visualID=1138

    but i was always frustrated with the limitations of the language. especially integer representation.

    i think this approach of stacking basic operators will be much more fruitful. i'm going to try some genetic exploration of the composition space... it might also work as a livecode paradigm...

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  3. ... or then I just picked bad search keywords.

    I kind of mentioned the "macro-harmonics" in my earlier post, noting that microcomputer music has always used fixed binary lengths for optimizing the player code. In classic ProTracker configuration, for example, there's 4 rows per beat, 16 beats per pattern, and the macrostructure is a list of pattern indices.

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  4. wow cool. Do you have any idea what ya pipe to on a modern ubuntu system with puleaudio

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  5. ALSA systems: ./program | aplay

    PulseAudio systems: ./program | pacat --format u8 --rate 8000

    Cygwin on Windows simulates /dev/dsp directly.

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  6. I still fail to see how this is in any way "new" and "discovered". I mean, it sounds cool, but that's like the music from the c64, right? Like it was done already for games 25 years ago. Or so.

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  7. No, it isn't. C-64 music typically spends kilobytes for the player code and data. The playback mechanisms are very straightforward, giving the composer a lot of control over the output. A lot of order, very little chaos.

    In this article, we're exploring a totally different complexity class. A class with only dozens of bytes of code. Something where parametric exploration rules over deterministic composition.

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  8. Absolutely awesome. Fun for the whole evening. (And you get to annoy your sister too)

    btw, in the second video, there's (t*4>>10) which can be simplified to just (t>>8)

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  9. Just to let you know I made a little actionscript version of the creator/editor. One small improvement of the javascript one is that it dynamically updates itself as you type.

    http://entropedia.co.uk/generative_music/

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  10. That's actually quite a great improvement, I've been hoping for this kind of dynamic editability as well. Thanks a lot!

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  11. check out "t * ((t>>3|t>>9)&82&t>>9)" in the javascript generator you included in the post! sounds pretty cool, and even has somewhat of a melody :)

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  12. this is awesome! thanks for sharing your findings.

    I made a 2-line remix of miiro's 1-line symphony [1]:

    Side A: http://tinyurl.com/3uejhum

    Side B: http://tinyurl.com/3mfaogd

    [1] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qlrs2Vorw2Y&feature=player_detailpage#t=134s

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  13. I just had a go implementing this on an AVR microcontroller. It works pretty well, however my 'reception method' results in low pass filtering the output at about 4KHz, which makes some of the pieces sound a bit different.

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  14. I tried adding some state, which makes it much easier to create interesting macro structures.

    Are you going to Alternative Party by any chance?

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  15. Adding conditional statements gets pretty interesting. It may be breaking the spirit of the game, as it starts falling very similar to normal music coding, but you can make some pretty coos stuff.

    baseline, melody, snare, volume control...


    "( ((t*4)*(((t>>>11)&1)?1:0)*(((t>>>11)&8)?0:1) + (t*2)*(((t>>>10)&1)?1:0)*(((t>>>10)&128)?0:1) +(t*4)*(((t>>>10)&1)?1:0)*(((t>>>10)&128)?1:0) + (t*sin(t)*(((t>>>10)&4)?1:0)*(((t>>>10)&1)?1:0))) % 256) * (7/10)"

    The URL is pretty long tho:


    http://wurstcaptures.untergrund.net/music/?oneliner=(%20%20((t*4)*(((t%3E%3E%3E11)%261)%3F1%3A0)*(((t%3E%3E%3E11)%268)%3F0%3A1)%20%2B%20(t*2)*(((t%3E%3E%3E10)%261)%3F1%3A0)*(((t%3E%3E%3E10)%26128)%3F0%3A1)%20%2B(t*4)*(((t%3E%3E%3E10)%261)%3F1%3A0)*(((t%3E%3E%3E10)%26128)%3F1%3A0)%20%2B%20(t*sin(t)*(((t%3E%3E%3E10)%264)%3F1%3A0)*(((t%3E%3E%3E10)%261)%3F1%3A0)))%20%25%20256)%20*%20(7%2F10)&rate=11025





    CC123

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  16. Actually, in your formula, all the conditionals are either redundant (a&1?1:0 -> a&1) or can be replaced with bitshifts (a&128?1:0 -> (a&128)>>7). More complex ternaries can be replaced with plain arithmetic as well, it just takes a few more bytes.

    Anyway, I don't see any philosophical problems with conditionals or additional variables. The main point for me is the shortness of the program, not functional purity or anything like that.

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  17. Yes, I'm going to be at Alternative Party. Someone has already thrown in the idea of having an oneliner music competition there, by the way.

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  18. The visual rendering of the audio patterns reminds me of two things that may be of interest from an algorithm perspective.

    http://www.isi.edu/ant/address/ uses a single Hilbert Curve to compress the entire Internet IP allocation space into a single diagram. Imagine if you used a 256 byte algorithm to produce a Hilbert curve graphic, and then played it as audio. Or multiple overlapping curve trails, playing the image in a continuous loop as the ants (over)write new trails onto the audio-graphic.

    http://www.derlien.com/ uses something called "Treemaps" to represent the hierarchical space usage of a hard drive full of information as a simple, human-understandable graph. On most of my hard drives, the result resembles very strongly like the black-and-white graphic above. So perhaps it would be possible to feed a generic treemap algorithm a list of simple inputs and have it produce an audio-graphic for playback use as well.

    Thanks for writing this up, much appreciated.

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  19. This one you can use as a ringtone...

    t * ((t>>3|t>>9)&74&t>>15)

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  20. Try sending the same output into /dev/audio and then to /dev/dsp on a Linux system with OSS emulation, and feel the difference... :)

    It's because of the default encoding these devices use, /dev/audio uses logarithmic mu-Law encoding, while /dev/dsp is 8 bit unsigned...

    \L

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  21. I wrote a little program for mutating an equation until you find something interesting. I should have a release in a day or two.

    Anyways, I found this with it:

    ((((5&((3 *(23*(4^t)))+t))*(9*((15>>((9&((t&12)^15))>>5))*2)))*((((t*(t*8))>>10)&t)>>42))^15)

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  22. Check this:

    http://wurstcaptures.untergrund.net/music/?oneliner=(%20%20((t*4)*(((t%3E%3E%3E11)%261)%3F1%3A0)*(((t%3E%3E%3E11)%268)%3F0%3A1)%20%2B%20(t*2)*(((t%3E%3E%3E10)%261)%3F1%3A0)*(((t%3E%3E%3E10)%26128)%3F0%3A1)%20%2B(t*4)*(((t%3E%3E%3E10)%261)%3F1%3A0)*(((t%3E%3E%3E10)%26128)%3F1%3A0)%20%2B%20(t*sin(t)*(((t%3E%3E%3E10)%264)%3F1%3A0)*(((t%3E%3E%3E10)%261)%3F1%3A0)))%20%25%20256)%20*%20(7%2F10)&rate=11025

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  23. Tried to leave this as a YouTube comment, didn't go through:

    t * ( ((t>>9)&10) | ((t>>11)&24) ^((t>>10)&15&(t>>15)) )

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  24. Had some fun with t%((t>>13)&(t>>6)) and t&(t>>9)&31 and then ((t*2)&(t>>(t>>10)))+((t*1.2)&(t>>9)&31)

    - Benjohn

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  25. I've created an Arduino sketch that plays these algorithmic compositions through the PWM port. Get it from here:
    http://www.gjcp.net/~gordonjcp/countercomplex.pde


    Upload it to your Arduino and connect an amplifier to pin 11 (PWM output). Look in the source code for details of how it works. I've added the algorithms from the two videos on your site, plus a couple of my own.

    You can even add some pots and switches and read them in the main loop() function, and make your algorithms tweakable!

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  26. Related: http://bit.ly/eus5nV

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  27. Very neat post, I am pretty interested in algorithmically generated music as well.

    I recently read an article on fractal music: http://tinyurl.com/4yt9vzb. It talks about how music that is generated using properties of fractals creates music that is pleasing to people.

    I think this article gives a good framework/criteria for the types of functions that will create "good" music. Namely, functions that create 1/f noise as opposed to white noise.

    Hope you find the article interesting and thanks for sharing : )

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  28. Having been obsessed with, what I'd call a tune, "Lost in Space" from xpansive and after @paul_hayes updated http://entropedia.co.uk/generative_music/ to display a visual translating the formula, I've found out that the (t&t>>13|t>>6) part of the song is a formula representing the Sierpinski triangle, a well known fractal pattern.
    No wonder the song is ever changing!
    More info: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpinski_triangle

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  29. Me again, found out the simpler formula to a direct and complete Sierpinski, actually really simple: (t|t>>9).
    Love the beauty in the combination of math and music.

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  30. The "Entropedia" visualization algorithm indeed plots Sierpinski triangles from all kinds of structures that contain AND/OR operations. The simple but harmonically interesting formula t&t>>8 I gave in the article plots a pure Sierpinski triangle as well.

    Another interesting formula is (t*5&t>>7)|(t*3&t>>10) which has a very pleasant harmony as well as an interesting visual form: a Sierpinski triangle breaking down into squares that contain many smaller Sierpinski triangles.

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  31. Hey guys, that really got me stuck for a while. When I was 16 i experimented on similar stuff only i would output it to the graphic adapter. So anyway haven't seen anyone trying irrational numbers, yet.

    So here is my little experiment. I guess I used some formulars i read here oder elsewhere. so no offence....

    Anyway, enjoy:

    ((t>>7-0.1|(t&t)*0.5)|(t&t>>8)|(t>>7))|(t++*(t>>8))|(t>>7-0.1)*0.9

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  32. Love this stuff, especially the links to maths and fractals! The javascript/actionscript generators are great but I would like to try it on my mac directly. Anybody know if there is a simple way (via bash) or does it take some meddling with CoreAudio?

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  33. Interesting concept :)

    Got caught up a bit and spent an evening trying out some tunes and then hacking together a minor editor;
    http://dl.dropbox.com/u/3184097/algotunes.png

    Two lines equals they get every second, three very third etc. If anybody is curious I put the source here; http://pastebin.com/5ACW4Q69

    Those two lines actually sound pretty decent together.

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  34. dutt, what python and pyqt version do you use?

    I can't load main.ui, see http://www.pastie.org/2655771

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  35. Python 2.7.1
    PyQt, not sure, I think 4.7.something.

    oh crud, forgot that file.
    contents: http://pastebin.com/yfSinRpj

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  36. Hello! I wrote some MATLAB code for all this stuff. I am now processing some extra MATLAB code that creates several visualizations.

    My web site is not available at the moment due to a major reconstruction i'm working on. If someone wants the MATLAB code i can provide it through email.

    Is there a way to get in personal contact with viznut?

    Thanks!
    max

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  37. Oh, did I forget my contact information? You can email me at (my_pseudonym)@low.fi.

    I'll probably release the third video during this weekend. This video will include a visualization of the new songs by using three quite obvious schemes (that still manage to make some formulas look quite pretty). I hope this will encourage more visually-oriented experimentation as well.

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  38. t>>6^t&0x25|t+(t^t>>11)-t* ((t%24?2:6)&t>>11)^t<<1&(t&0x256?t>>4:t>>10)

    A bit long I suppose...but nice and soothing.

    Featuring a snippet from yumeji from the comments on pouet.net

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  39. Adding periodic inclusion of stochastic elements to the code might be interesting, for example by generating a small pseudorandom table from a performance-time key on the command line, and using that periodically to change the direction of a section. Looks like I may have something else to do now!

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  40. This seems to generate reasonable pseudo-random pink noise sound:

    (t*t*t)>>t

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  41. Did some audiovisual renditions a few days ago: http://0xa.kuri.mu/2011/10/09/bitop-videos/

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  42. Such a total time waste! CAN'T STOP ... NEED ... HELP ...

    That said, i just wanted to add my experiments. Not really too proud of 'em, as i am humbled by skurk's and miiro's and more than all by Lost in Space which i can literally sleep to.

    I was trying to find longer phrases, so i used a lot of divisions, which don't seem to be very common on your examples. Anyway, i liked this experiment:

    ((t+13217)/1211)&(t>>2|t>>4|t>>6)

    though it is too silent. I managed to amplify it with:

    ((t+13217)/1211)&(t>>2|t>>4|t>>6)|(t>>2)|(t%256)

    Then i found this that sounds a little like "vocalize" exercises:

    t*((t+13217)/1211)&(t>>2|t>>4|t>>6)/512

    Those 13217 and 1211 i seem to have generated by sheer keyboard-bashing...

    Much further i got

    ((t*(t>>8|t>>9)&(t/256+45)&t>>8))^(t&t>>13|t>>6)

    and

    (t/384)&(t<<3|t>>3)+(t/896)&(t<<5|t>>5)+(t/1664)&(t<<7|t>>7)

    Then there is this last one i like a lot, specially @32Hz

    (t*t/256)&( t>>((t/1024)%16) )

    I guess my mind just keeps on classifying all those sounds as parts that could be tied together (in say audacity or something) and that is why i like the unbalanced macro-structures...

    Anyway, the whole thing seems to hinge upon /dev/audio discarding anything above 8 bits, so that 75% of the t variable (which should default to int which should be 32 bits) never goes anywhere. But on the other hand this kinda sucks because we can't really sum two different formulas. Isn't there a smarter way to do this? I did some experiments with aplay --format but didn't seem promising...

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  43. The third video has been added: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCRPUv8V22o

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  44. After a bit of playing around by some people in the ludum dare IRC, inspired by one of the tunes in the 3rd vid:

    http://wurstcaptures.untergrund.net/music/?oneliner=((t*(%2236364689%22%5Bt%3E%3E13%267%5D%2615))%2F12%26(%228112242400442444%22%5B(t%2F65536)%2615%5D*32))%2B(((((t%3E%3E12)%5E(t%3E%3E12)-2)%2511*t)%2F4%7Ct%3E%3E13)%26(%221111111100000000%22%5B(t%2F65536)%2615%5D%3D%3D1%3F0%3A127))&oneliner2=((t*(%2236364689%22%5Bt%3E%3E13%267%5D%2615))%2F12%26(%221122424200444244%22%5B(t%2F65536)%2615%5D*32))%2B(((((t%3E%3E12)%5E(t%3E%3E12)-2)%2511*t)%2F4%7Ct%3E%3E13)%26(%221111111100000000%22%5B(t%2F65536)%2615%5D%3D%3D1%3F0%3A127))&t0=0&tmod=0&duration=35&separation=100&rate=44100

    or for a shorter url: http://bit.ly/o1uCzQ

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  45. I have completed a Matlab program that makes one liners through Genetic Programming.

    After a couple of generations, the compositions are quite acceptible and most of all, they have the potential for further development "by their own", but based on the user's taste!

    After a little more playing, i will post a function produced in this way.

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  46. I' ve played with the genetic programming (GP) algorithm a little and here is an interesing result.

    ((t*t)>>((((8*t)&(t>>t))>>((11>>t)&(8|8)))+(((t+8)*((((t|11)*(t+11))+((t&8)>>(t+11)))*(((11>>8)|(t|8))>>((t>>8)|(11&8)))))+((t>>11)-(8|11)))))

    Let it play for some seconds and it produces rhythmical structure.

    I have also kept some versions of very similar programs (that were highly graded by me during the evolutionary procedure) and were kept with little modifications by GP.

    (((((8-t)|(8+t))&((8|11)>>(8>>8)))+(((t&t)*(t>>11))-((t|11)+(8*8))))-((((11>>t)>>(t+t))>>((11&11)>>(t>>11)))>>(((8>>t)-(t+8))*((8+11)-(11>>11)))))

    (((((8-t)|(8+t))&(11>>(8>>8)))+(((t&t)*(t>>11))-((t|11)+(8*8))))-((((11>>t)>>(t+t))>>((11&11)>>(t>>11)))>>(((8>>t)-(t+8))*((8+11)-(11>>11)))))

    (((((8-t)|(8+t))&11)+(((t&t)*(t>>11))-((t|11)+(11*8))))-((((11>>t)>>(t+t))>>((11&11)>>(t>>11)))>>(((8>>t)-(t+8))*((8+11)-(11>>11)))))

    Notice also that there are some not necessary operations like (11>>11). I will try to make the algorithm get rid of those automatically...

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  47. You've finally given me a really good explanation to what I've accidentally built here: http://www.niklasroy.com/project/39/psp-pocket-sound-performer

    Really thanks a lot - it was a top inspiring read!

    @Paul Hayes: the Flash Player is fantastic! Modulo would be cool to have, too.

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  48. Feel the funk y'all (or something)

    20 * t*t* (t >>11)/7

    More gently...

    16 * t*t* (t >>11)/7

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  49. Hey guys, try these out.

    for(t=0;;t++)
    putchar((t>>13|t%24)&(t>>7|t%19));
    -------------------------------------
    for(t=0;;t++){
    if(t%40==0)
    putchar(t>>5);
    if(t%47==0)
    putchar(t>>8);
    putchar(t>>11&t>>7&t>>3);
    ---------------------------------------
    for(t=0;;t++){
    putchar(t>>3&t>>11);

    ReplyDelete
  50. 1h of wild music using an adaption in Reaktor:
    http://soundcloud.com/akust/countercomplex

    ReplyDelete
  51. You could always try this in the javascript sound generator.

    ((t+(t>>4+t>>2)+50)+sin(t))%((t/(t>>5+t>>5|t%(t<<14+t<<12))+125))+t

    Sounds pretty dark if you ask me.

    ReplyDelete
  52. there were some old implementations of BASIC with the BEEP (or other related) command that could create sounds close to this back in the day of 8 computers. One in particular HP 85 Hewlett Packard Computer which I experimented with - the computer was in a analytical chemistry laboratory and was supposed to be used to collect gas chromatography data. The lab even had a tape with VisiCalc on it (the original PC spreadsheet program). The sounds were not one liners though - they were generated as loops in BASIC. So, since BASIC isn't as space efficient as C it was more or less equivalent.

    ReplyDelete
  53. This comment has been removed by the author.

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  54. Fixed a slight bug in the drums... music bugs. Hm! New version. Not optimized though.

    ((1-(((t+10)>>((t>>9)&15))&2))*2)*((((t)>>10)^((t+20)>>10))&1)*32+(((t&4095)-2047)*((t/((t>>10&3)+1))&((t>>10&7)+5))+(t>>(((t>>12)+16)&25)&1)*t%512*(t%256-128)/2)/1024+128

    ReplyDelete
  55. Slightly more advanced drums part.

    ((1-(((t+10)>>((t>>9)&((t>>14))))&(t>>4&-2)))*2)*(((t>>10)^((t+((t>>6)&127))>>10))&1)*32+128

    Thanks for the good fun. The whole concept of single line 8-bit synthesis is hillarious.

    ReplyDelete
  56. My best tune:

    t>>6^t&0x25|t+(t^t>>11) -t*((t%24?2:6)&t>>11)^t<<1 &(t&0x256?t>>4:t>>10)

    (featuring a snippet by yumeji from the pouet.net comments)

    ReplyDelete
  57. (~t/100|(t*3))^(t*3&(t>>5))&t Sounds nice, like it has a bassline

    ReplyDelete
  58. I made an Android app that plays these kinds of expressions. If there is interest, I could open source it and publish to the market.

    ReplyDelete
  59. I wrote some very simple python code for 8-bit oneliners (requires portaudio and pyaudio):

    http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~corey/?p=248

    ReplyDelete
  60. I'm so much lost in this - here's a tune to share:

    t*(t>>9|t>>13)&16

    or this, similar, not so clear, more super mario:

    ( t* (( t>>9| t>>13 ) & 15)) & 129

    ReplyDelete
  61. I've been playing around a bit with this for a few minutes, I have got (t%31337>>3)|(t|t>>7) and (t&t>>7)*((1+t/4096)%2) (of for the lazy ones; http://goo.gl/VB6wG and http://goo.gl/B4Vhh ).

    I definitively got interested, I feel a strong urge to make a game that is completely procedurally generated (code too?).

    ReplyDelete
  62. This one is quite interesting: t*t>>7*(sin(t>>11)*123)&(t&t>>7)|(t%31337>>3) http://goo.gl/htR4u

    ReplyDelete
  63. Thanks for introducing me to this entire new world. The sounds will become interesting once someone figures out how to use the simple logic to generate melodies, basslines, chords, and structure to create real music.

    ReplyDelete
  64. Hey, this has been an obsession of mine for a few days now; after reading about it from an acquaintance posting a link to this blog on Facebook, I've compiled and played about 70 of my own examples.

    Here's one that stands out, from my own experiments:

    (int)(((t>>4)|(t%10))+3.3) | (((t%101)|(t>>14))&((t>>7)|(t*t%17)))

    ReplyDelete
  65. "parametric exploration rules over deterministic composition"

    I want that on a shirt. Great work!

    ReplyDelete
  66. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  67. Jorge from Madrid18 October 2011 at 11:26

    Hi!

    I was deeply shocked by the Algorithmic Symphonies and, as an electronic musician, wanted to explore some of them in another context, carefully rendering each of them into samples and applying FX and/or different sample rates. I wanted to ask you a couple of questions.

    Please forget my poor C understanding. I'm just a BASH script guy friendly enough with the command line to understand some of the code.

    I wrote this on OSX since I don't know how to pipe to CoreAudio and wanted to render a 30 seconds file and study it under Audacity. I've compiled it and piped to a .raw file

    In this particular case:

    short int t;

    main(t) {
    long int counter;
    for (counter=0;counter<16000*30;counter++) {
    putchar(t*((t>>11&t>>8)&123&t>>3));
    t++;
    }
    }

    a) I tried a short int type (guess is 16 bit) to see if it changes anything. My personal guess is that the program is still creating an 8 bit/8kHz sample so I'm wasting bytes, is that right?

    b) Guess it would sound pretty lame for all C coders out there, but why I can't do:

    main() {
    ...
    }

    instead of:

    main(t) {
    ...
    }

    Results are not the same and I don't understand why putting t as a parameter in main is so important. I repeat: It's a non-C guy question. Please forget my newbieness

    Thanks anyway for creating and documenting all these intriguing sound forms

    Peace from Madrid, Spain

    ReplyDelete
  68. that´s an interesting application.

    the mechanism behind that is mathematically called scaling.

    it´s the fundamental effect that our whole universe is based on. fractals are a subset of that fundamental effect.

    mathematics is the beautiful language that can describe scaling the best.

    more information you´ll find at http://www.global-scaling-institute.de/files/gscompv18_en.pdf from http://www.global-scaling-institute.de/files

    ReplyDelete
  69. Very cool evidence of the deep link between math and music. I’m reminded of a musical one-liner I wrote in BASIC in 1985 -- here’s the mp3 .

    ReplyDelete
  70. Reminds me of what Martin Galway said about his 10+ minute, partially algorithmly-generated intro to Times of Lore on the Commodore 64 - that it was the most work he'd put into a song, and wondered just how many people would actually listen to it long enough to hear the "guitar solo" part that was generated...

    ReplyDelete
  71. Quite fun to play around with :)

    I used the js player to find a few, and actually IMO quite good ones.

    First off, 44.1 kHz:
    t * ((t>>3|t>>4)&79&t>>14) +3*(8/t)&t>>6

    Playing around with the above, I eventually got a quite dramatic piece:

    t * ((t>>3&t>>4)*sin(79)-(t>>43/362)&t>>14) +3|(t>>8)|t>>9

    sounds kinda like "sneak music" from some movie :)

    For 8kHz:

    A little kinda lulzy melody... Best enjoyed using a 60 sec duration

    t*(t>>42|t>>12)

    Last one for now is one containing an assortment of videogame-like sounds...

    t*(t>>11&t>>6)/(t>>1&t>>6)

    A few of them were dumb luck, I admit, but after I found out more about how it worked, I was able to make something :)

    ReplyDelete
  72. This inspired me to make this applet in processing.

    This method is almost magical.I rendered that as visualization first and then HAD to know what it sounded like.

    ReplyDelete
  73. Many years ago on 8-bit Atari I found:
    Which is:
    FOR A=0 TO 15:FOR B=0 TO 15:SOUND 0,A,B,15:FOR X=0 TO 50:NEXT X:NEXT B:NEXT A
    Short version: F.A=0TO15:F.B=0TO15:SO.0,A,B,15:F.X=0TO15:N.X:N.B:N.A

    It is a nice piece of "music" too.

    ReplyDelete
  74. here's how you do it on the gpu with glsl: https://gist.github.com/1360582

    ReplyDelete
  75. Algorithmic music seems to become a trend.

    http://tones.wolfram.com/

    ReplyDelete
  76. I looked at the b/w picture at the end and thought: this looks like a song in frequency domain. Just put a pow(2,1/12) in there for the y-coordinates and inverse FFT.

    If you don't do it, I will do it.

    (x is time, y is harmonics, got it?)

    ReplyDelete
  77. // here is a two operator FM synth.


    #define tau (M_PI*2)
    #define FM_CLOCK_RATE 8000.0
    #define fmOp(time,volume,pitch) (volume*sin(((float)time)/((FM_CLOCK_RATE/pitch)/tau)))

    for(t=0;;t++)
    {
    putchar((int)(((
    fmOp(t,
    1.0,
    fmOp(t,1.0,60)
    )
    )*127.0)+127)
    );
    }



    Change the 60 to change the rate at which the sound evolves. Change the outer 1.0 to adjust how much the inner oscilator modulates the outer on (max of tau, higher = more modulation).
    To add more operators just replace the 60 with yet another fmOp call.

    Yea, it isn't quite one line, but it takes just 192 bytes (not counting libraries).

    ReplyDelete
  78. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  79. My first song, techno dance including an intro!

    http://bit.ly/sSIIFp

    ReplyDelete
  80. Here is an RPN parser that you can give a formula to. I haven't yet implemented sin and cos (I will make an array with values from 0 to 255 and two helper macros for this). Compile with -lm. Usage:

    ./parsound | aplay

    For example

    ./parsound t t 3 \* + | aplay

    Remember to escape or single-quote anything that your shell would parse otherwise.

    #include
    #include
    #include
    #include
    #define STACKSIZE 256

    int stackpointer = -1;

    int numbers[STACKSIZE];

    void push(int value);
    int pop(void);

    int main(argc, argv)
    int argc;
    char **argv;
    {
    int i;
    int t;
    int temp;
    for( t=0; ; t++ ) {
    for( i=1; i < argc; i++ ) {
    switch ( argv[i][0] ) {
    case '+':
    push( pop() + pop() );
    break;
    case '-':
    if( argv[i][1] == '\0' )
    push( -pop() + pop() );
    else
    push( atoi(argv[i]) );
    break;
    case '/':
    push( 1 / (pop() / pop()) );
    break;
    case '*':
    push( pop() * pop() );
    break;
    case '|':
    push( pop() | pop() );
    break;
    case '^':
    push( pop() ^ pop() );
    break;
    case '&':
    push( pop() & pop() );
    break;
    case '~':
    push( ~pop() );
    break;
    case '%':
    temp = pop();
    push( pop() % temp );
    break;
    case '>':
    if( strcmp( argv[i], ">>" ) == 0 ) { temp = pop(); push( (pop() >> temp) ); }
    break;
    case '<':
    if( strcmp( argv[i], "<<" ) == 0 ) { temp = pop(); push( (pop() << temp) ); }
    break;
    case 's':
    if( strcmp( argv[i], "sqrt" ) == 0 ) push( sqrt( pop() ) );
    break;
    case 'p':
    if( strcmp( argv[i], "pow" ) == 0 ) {
    temp = pop();
    push( pow( pop(), temp ) );
    }
    break;
    case 't':
    push( t );
    break;
    default:
    push( atoi(argv[i]) );
    break;
    }
    }
    if( stackpointer > 0 ) {
    printf("Error: Your expression should only leave one number on the stack.");
    exit(4);
    }
    putchar( numbers[stackpointer] );
    stackpointer = -1; /* Reset the stack */
    }

    return 0;
    }

    void push(value)
    int value;
    {
    stackpointer++;
    if( stackpointer > STACKSIZE ) {
    printf( "Error: Stack size exceeded.\n" );
    exit(1);
    }
    numbers[stackpointer] = value;
    }

    int pop(void) {
    stackpointer--;
    if( stackpointer < -1 ) {
    printf( "Error: Ran out of numbers.\n" );
    exit(2);
    }
    return numbers[stackpointer + 1];
    }

    ReplyDelete
  81. Whoops, blogger ate the includes. They are stdio.h, stdlib.h, string.h and math.h

    ReplyDelete
  82. very interesting thing, I've been experimenting with it for a while and found some interesting (perhaps) songs, my favourite so far:

    (t<65536)?((2*t*(t>>11)&(t-1)|(t>>4)-1)%64):(((t%98304)>65536)?((17*t*(2*t>>8)&(t-1)|(t>>6)-1)%64|(t>>4)):((15*t*(2*t>>16)&(t-1)|(t>>8)-1)%64|(t>>4)))

    ReplyDelete
  83. Based on somehow changed formulas found here:

    enjoy :))

    Note the 0:33 and 1:06 :)

    ReplyDelete
  84. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  85. u can use this formula as a good background ((t*5/53) | t*5+(t<<1)

    ReplyDelete
  86. this one too (int) (t/1e7*t*t+t)%127|t>>3

    ReplyDelete
  87. how can we do the same code in python?

    ReplyDelete
  88. Where and what is the online JS tool mentioned in the third video ? I have been testing some of these on an atmega328 with a 6bit r2rdac wired up to it, (inspired by "little scale" but i would like a quicker easier way of "prototyping" songs

    ReplyDelete
  89. How to redirect stdout to pc speaker in borland c++ 3.1 to use putchar for sound?

    ReplyDelete
  90. ...How to redirect stdout... My mail is plover@rambler.ru

    ReplyDelete
  91. Nice post! really great info Thanks we running a new site related to quotes and this site will give u a chance by which u can be get Quotes on life

    ReplyDelete
  92. I've managed to create what almost sounds like a voice :)
    I have yet to analyze it but I intentionally left variables a and b in there. I find that this works best with a=5 and b=8. And if b is increased, the whole sample slows down.


    ((t&t>>a)|666^(t&t>>b) & t*(t<>b))

    (t&t>>a|t>>b) & t*(t<>b)

    ReplyDelete
  93. New bytebeat synthesizer for iphone/ipad: BitWiz Audio Synth
    Very easy tool to play around with this, and has XY-pad for real-time tweaking of variables.

    ReplyDelete
  94. t&~t>>4^~t>>7-0.1

    ^ nice beat

    ReplyDelete
  95. Hi,
    Ported to Arduino with the addition of an 8 bit led visualiser (only 4 bit in this video) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWMdtStvpMg&feature=plcp

    I Will add a link to your original post here.

    Duane B

    ReplyDelete
  96. (t|t>>5)&(t|t>>13)-(t|t>>21)

    Very interesting progressions come out of golden ratio numbers & various combinations of Sierpinski triangles, listen for 500 seconds or so, just keep volume down as there are some less than subtle transitions. Thank you for sharing, this is very addictive!

    ReplyDelete
  97. I've made this one.

    main(t){for(;;t++)putchar((t*3|t*2>>7)+(t*2&t*3>>8)+(t*2&t>>8));}

    ReplyDelete
  98. I was experimenting with conditionals. The result came out quite interesting.

    main(t){for(;;t++){putchar((t<16384)?(t*2&t*2>>4):(t<32768)?(t*3&t*2>>4):(t<49152)?(t*5&t*2>>4):(t<65536)?(t*4&t*2>>4):0);if(t>=65536)t=0;}}

    ReplyDelete
  99. Hi, I implemented some of this algorithms on an ATTINY44 and a DIY R-2R 8-bit DAC

    http://matias.blog.br/2013/03/02/algorithmic-symphonies-from-one-line-of-code-meets-my-r-2r-diy-8bit-dac/

    ReplyDelete
  100. This is really cool! This is the best one I've gotten so far:

    http://wurstcaptures.untergrund.net/music/?oneliner=(((5%26t)*(t%3E%3E35)%7C(t%2B3%26t%3E%3E18))%26(t%3E%3E46%7Ct%3E%3E37))%7C(t%26((4*t-1)%7C14)%3E%3E16)*t%26((t%3E%3E387%7Ct%3E%3E92)%2B1)&oneliner2=&t0=0&tmod=0&duration=98.25&separation=100&rate=11025
    It evolves as the parts interact in different ways...

    ReplyDelete
  101. chiptune rulez =)

    welcome to
    www.great8bit.blogspot.com

    ReplyDelete
  102. Very easy tool to play around with this, and has XY-pad for real-time tweaking of variables.
    Bail Bonds San Luis Obispo

    ReplyDelete
  103. This method is almost magical.I rendered that as visualization first and then HAD to know what it sounded like.
    Bail Bonds Las Vegas

    ReplyDelete
  104. From MIT AI Memo 239, Feb. 29, 1972, items 145 and 168:

    http://www.inwap.com/pdp10/hbaker/hakmem/hacks.html#item145

    http://www.inwap.com/pdp10/hbaker/hakmem/hacks.html#item168

    I think these old examples are kind of arcane because the people who made them were playing with the PDP-10 to see what it could do, rather than trying to advance sound production.

    I'm also reminded of the short Perl poetry generators in
    http://trope-tank.mit.edu/TROPE-12-02.pdf

    ReplyDelete
  105. g="314159276535",h=64,j=6,t%h&t/2>>j|(t/4)|t>>5|t>>4*t&128>>3*((t%42)*1.1414)^t*(g[t>>11&5])%64

    ReplyDelete
  106. I prefer structural sound and light peaceful music. Thanks all for sharing you views. I am coding a new tune for better services of Messages While Phone On Hold for my business callers.

    ReplyDelete
  107. Thanks for sharing very good information.

    ReplyDelete
  108. I hear things like this but i never tried this, i program in c and c++ but its so different that this one, myabe some day i can do that but first i am trying to modify whatsapp for pc that i just downloaded

    ReplyDelete
  109. This one sounds like a video game XD


    (t / (( t >> 16 | t>> 8)) & (( t >> 5 | t >> 11))) -1 | t * (( t >> 16 | t>> 8))

    ReplyDelete
  110. This is awesome. I can program a little in Python and Ruby, but I'm probably too dumb to ever understand these code snippets.

    ReplyDelete
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  112. trying to contain itself

    t%5055)?t%(155)|t>>6:t>>1*(8+t%((t%7000<5000)?(t+5)%145555:((t+5)%13018)))/3.2)*3

    ReplyDelete
  113. Very interesting way to make music.

    ReplyDelete
  114. code for ATtiny13 http://forum.primuss3.com/viewtopic.php?p=6666#p6666

    ReplyDelete

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  117. I've written a program that outputs the results of these forumalas directly to .wav files, for my convenience.
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    ReplyDelete
  118. http://backingwinds.blogspot.in/2006/10/how-to-create-professional-hdr-images.html
    http://countercomplex.blogspot.in/2011/10/algorithmic-symphonies-from-one-line-of.html
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  122. Late to the party:
    t/(t&(t>>12))
    Using 44.1kHz, it has an illusion of a reverb effect.

    ReplyDelete
  123. (t*(t>>11)*1/3*t)

    ReplyDelete
  124. Free bytebeat app for android: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.midnightsun.synth.android

    ReplyDelete
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  126. http://softrash.googlecode.com/hg/online/bytebeat.html?select=0
    http://softrash.googlecode.com/hg/online/bytebeat.html?select=23
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r8kE0ddVwqY

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  128. Does anyone know how to find at what point the data loops?

    ReplyDelete
  129. The following code is for bitwiz, the synth for iDevices. The sample rate is 44.1k. It's determined by the r "( equals 1. The c variable controls stereo output. // music with drumsand some symbols ^|<<>>
    r=1, (t/128)&((t>>17+c)&t>>12+c) * (t/3)+c^(t>>(t/32+c))^(t/96-c)

    ReplyDelete
  130. Here is a code for some coolmusic followed by cool sound effects, then more music. sound effects. After I paste in that code, I
    Ll paste in another musical one, which involves quarter tones. you
    Ll need to shuck off your western music brain for this one.
    The sound effects are shrill at first so turn your volume down.
    r=6, t%(((t%254)>>11)-c&(t>>15)+c&(t>>12)-c|(t>>15)&t>>10)*5

    Now here is the musical one, which my band, Blind Labyrinth, are using in an electroacoustic piece.
    r=3, t%((t>>10)-c&(t>>14)+c&(t>>11)-c|(t>>18))*2r=3, t%((t>>10)-c&(t>>14)+c&(t>>11)-c|(t>>18))*2

    ReplyDelete
  131. made a really good complicated one that turned out to have multiple "movements," but i made it on the wurstcaptures online machine and saved the resulting wav, but i neglected to record the source formula :( is there any way to analyze a piece of music and sort of "decompile" it back into an algorithm?

    that's either something known or something theoretical, but here's the result of me taking the clip, slowing it down, putting a light phaser on it, duplicating it and adding a wahwah to the dupe, taking the wahwah dupe file and opening it in nano and hacking away bits of the machine code (bytecode?), adding the glitched version of wahwah dupe as another track, kinda mixing it https://soundcloud.com/facebookuser7037018/5qicgrvx-more

    the original, slowed, and glitch track only versions are there too, along with other music i've made partiall using this technique (via the online wurstcapture implementation as i'm still learning pretty basic coding stuff)~

    -Holly psionic@grrlz.net

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  133. ( t*t/4>>((t/8)%4) )&(t+t/3*t/4) is funny

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  134. //mary had a little lamb
    //m is melody, s is speed, first & variable, &15, tells the app we are using hex numbers, 0 through f. Second one has to b four less than a power of two, like 28 or 60. The higher this number, the longer he pauses between cycles. Perhaps you can find a way to make longer mlodies?
    r=3,
    m=0x0cccbabc,
    s=t>>10&60,
    t*(15&m>>s)
    &128&t>>4

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  135. Fascinating article. I had a lot of fun playing with this stuff.

    I don't have my own music program to contribute, but here's a Bash one-liner for generating the monochrome images using ImageMagick:

    ./a.out | head -c $((256*256)) | convert -size 256x256 -depth 8 gray:- out.png

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  145. Actually computers write symphonies alone within minutes. Their works are hardly distinguishable from human compositions even for practiced listeners.

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  146. What about this one?

    t%(1E4/Math.pow(2,"=B=E=B=G=A=D=A==B=I=E=E;>;D>G>=B=EBIENBEBJENENBFBIFLFLBGLJBGJI=B=E=B=E;>ED;=AB69=B=EBIENIQNUQZ".charCodeAt((t>>13)%94)/12))

    https://jsfiddle.net/4whu68ey/

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